Raw Materials
Aluminum lambobi wasu daga cikin mafi girman abubuwa masu yawa: bayan iskar oxygen da silicon, shine mafi girman daki-daki da aka tantance a cikin bene na duniya, wanda ya kai sama da kashi takwas na ɓawon burodi zuwa tsayin mil goma kuma yana bayyana a kusan kowane dutse na kowa.
Duk da haka, aluminum ba ya faruwa a cikin tsantsarsa, nau'in karfe amma a madadin haka a matsayin hydrated aluminum oxide (cakude na ruwa da alumina) hade da silica, iron oxide, da titania.Mafi girman ma'adinin aluminum shine bauxite, mai suna bayan garin Les Baux na Faransa wanda ya canza zuwa 1821. Bauxite yana ɗaukar ƙarfe da hydrated aluminum oxide, tare da ƙarshen yana wakiltar masana'anta mafi girma.
A halin yanzu, bauxite yana da yawa sosai don haka ana hako mafi kyawun ajiya tare da abun ciki na aluminum oxide na kashi arba'in da biyar ko fiye don yin aluminum.Ana gano ma'auni mai ma'ana a cikin kowane yanki na arewa da kudanci, tare da mafi yawan ma'adinan da ake amfani da su a cikin Amurka suna zuwa daga Yammacin Indies, Arewacin Amurka, da Ostiraliya.
Tunda bauxite yana faruwa a kusa da saman duniya, hanyoyin haƙar ma'adinai suna da sauƙin gaske.Ana amfani da abubuwan fashewa don buɗe manyan ramuka a cikin gadaje na bauxite, bayan haka ana share ɗigon datti da dutsen.Ana cire ma'adinan da aka fallasa tare da masu ɗaukar kaya na gaba, a tara su a cikin motoci ko motocin jirgin ƙasa, sannan a kai su zuwa sarrafa rayuwar shuka.Bauxite yana da nauyi (yawanci, ana iya samar da ton na aluminum daga 4 zuwa 6 ton na ma'adinai), don haka, don rage darajar jigilar shi, waɗannan furanni suna kasancewa a kai a kai kusa da ma'adinan bauxite.
Tsarin Masana'antu
Cire aluminum na halitta daga bauxite ya ƙunshi matakai.Na farko, ana tace tama don kawar da datti kamar baƙin ƙarfe oxide, silica, titania, da ruwa.Sa'an nan, sakamakon aluminum oxide ne narke don samar da na halitta aluminum.Bayan haka, ana birgima aluminum don samar da tsare.
Refining-Tsarin Bayer
1.Hanyar Bayer da ake amfani da ita don tace bauxite ta ƙunshi matakai 4: narkewa, rationalization, hazo, da calcination.A lokacin matakin narkewa, bauxite yana ƙasa kuma an haɗe shi da sodium hydroxide a baya fiye da jefa shi cikin manyan tankuna masu matsa lamba.A cikin waɗannan tankuna, waɗanda ake magana da su a matsayin digesters, haɗin sodium hydroxide, dumi, da matsa lamba yana karya ma'adinan daidai zuwa cikakkiyar amsa na sodium aluminate da gurɓataccen gurɓataccen abu, wanda ke daidaitawa zuwa ƙasa.
2.Na gaba na fasaha na fasaha, rationalization, ya haɗa da aikawa da bayani da kuma gurɓatawa ta hanyar kafaffen tankuna da latsawa.A lokacin wannan digiri, zane-zane na tace abubuwan da suka gurbata, wanda za'a iya zubar da su.Bayan an sake tacewa, ana ɗaukar mafita na ƙarshe zuwa hasumiya mai sanyaya.
3.In mataki na gaba, hazo, da aluminum oxide bayani ayyuka a cikin wani m silo, inda, a cikin wani karbuwa na Deville dabara, da ruwa ne iri da lu'ulu'u na hydrated aluminum don inganta samuwar aluminum tarkace.Yayin da lu'ulu'u iri ke jan hankalin sauran lu'ulu'u a cikin maganin, manyan ƙullun hydrate na aluminum sun fara farawa.Ana fara tace waɗannan bayan an kurkura.
4.Calcination, mataki na ƙarshe a cikin tsarin tsaftacewar Bayer, ya haɗa da fallasa hydrate na aluminum zuwa yanayin zafi mai yawa.Wannan matsanancin zafi yana lalata masana'anta, yana barin ragowar farin foda mai kyau: aluminum oxide.
Narkewa
1.Smelting, wanda ke raba ma'adinin aluminum-oxygen (alumina) da aka samar tare da taimakon hanyar Bayer, shine mataki na gaba don cirewa na halitta, karfe aluminum daga bauxite.Kodayake tsarin da ake amfani da shi a halin yanzu ya samo asali ne daga hanyar electrolytic da aka ƙirƙira ta zamani ta Charles Hall da Paul-Louis-Toussaint Héroult a cikin ƙarshen karni na sha tara, an sabunta shi.Na farko, alumina yana narkar da shi a cikin wayar hannu mai narkewa, wani ɗan ƙaramin ƙarfe mai zurfi wanda aka yi masa layi da carbon kuma cike da madubin ruwa mai zafi wanda ya ƙunshi musamman na fili na aluminium cryolite.
2.Na gaba, wani zamani mai amfani da wutar lantarki yana gudana ta hanyar cryolite, yana haifar da ɓawon burodi a saman kololuwar alumina.Lokacin da ƙarin alumina ke motsawa lokaci-lokaci a cikin cakuda, wannan ɓawon burodi yana karye kuma yana motsawa da kyau.Yayin da alumina ke narkar da shi, ta hanyar electrolytically yana bazuwa don samar da wani Layer na tsantsa, narkakken aluminum a mafi ƙasƙanci na salon salula mai narkewa.Oxygen yana haɗuwa da carbon da ake amfani da shi don layi na salula kuma yana tserewa cikin siffar carbon dioxide.
3.Still a cikin narkar da siffar, an cire aluminum mai tsabta daga sel masu narkewa, an canza shi cikin crucibles, kuma an kwashe shi cikin tanda.A wannan mataki, za a iya gabatar da wasu dalilai don samar da allunan aluminum tare da halayen da suka dace da samfurin dakatarwa, ko da yake foil yawanci ana ƙera shi daga kashi casa'in da tara.8 ko casa'in da tara.9 tsantsa na aluminum.Daga nan sai a zuba ruwan a cikin na'urorin jefar da baya kai tsaye, inda yake kwantar da shi cikin manyan tukwane da ake kira "ingots" ko "reroll inventory."Bayan an shafe-zafi da ake magancewa don haɓaka iya aiki-ingots sun dace da mirgina cikin foil.
Wata hanyar da za a bi don narkewa da simintin gyaran aluminum ana kiranta “simintin da ba a daina tsayawa ba.”Wannan hanya ta ƙunshi layin samarwa wanda ya haɗa da tanderun narkewa, wurin ajiye murhu don haɗa da narkakkar ƙarfe, tsarin sauyawa, naúrar simintin gyare-gyare, naúrar haɗakarwa kamar naɗaɗɗen tsumma, juzu'i da bridle, da kuma motar jujjuyawa.Dukansu hanyoyin suna samar da ƙididdiga na kauri daga 0.Ɗari ɗari da ashirin da biyar zuwa sifili.250 inch (0.317 zuwa 0.635 centimeters) da faɗin yawa.Ribar hanyar yin simintin gyare-gyaren ita ce, baya buƙatar matakin cirewa da ya gabata don yin birgima, kamar yadda ake narke da simintin gyare-gyare, saboda ana aiwatar da cirewa akai-akai a ko'ina cikin tsarin simintin.
Mirgine tsare
Bayan an yi kayan aikin foil, ana buƙatar rage kauri don yin foil.Ana yin wannan a cikin injin niƙa, wanda masana'anta suka zarce lokuta da yawa ta hanyar nadi na ƙarfe da ake kira rolls work.Kamar yadda zanen gado (ko gidajen yanar gizo) na aluminum ke wucewa ta cikin nadi, ana matse su da sirara kuma ana fitar da su cikin sarari a cikin nadi.An haɗe naɗaɗɗen aikin tare da naɗaɗɗen naɗaɗɗen nauyi da aka sani da naɗaɗɗen ajiya, waɗanda ke amfani da damuwa don taimakawa ci gaba da jujjuyawar zane-zane.Wannan yana ba da damar adana girman samfurin cikin haƙuri.Zane-zane da naɗaɗɗen ajiya suna jujjuya sabanin umarnin.Ana ƙara man shafawa don sauƙaƙe dabarar mirgina.A lokacin wannan tsarin birgima, aluminium lokaci-lokaci dole ne a goge shi (a kula da ɗumi) don kiyaye aikin sa.
Ana sarrafa rangwame na foil tare da taimakon daidaita rpm na rolls da danko (juriya ga glide), yawa, da zazzabi na mirgina mai.Ratar nadi yana ƙayyade duka kauri da tsawon lokacin tsare barin niƙa.Ana iya daidaita wannan rata tare da taimakon ɗagawa ko rage girman nadi na zane-zane.Rolling yana samar da ƙarewar yanayi guda biyu a tsare, m da matte.Ana samar da ƙarshen haske yayin da foil ɗin ya zo tare da saman zanen nadi.Don samar da ƙarshen matte, dole ne a haɗa zanen gado biyu tare kuma a yi birgima a lokaci guda;yayin da aka cimma hakan, gefuna waɗanda ke taɓa kowane daban-daban sun zo tare da matte gama.Wasu fasahohin gamawa na injina, waɗanda aka saba samarwa yayin ayyukan juyawa, ana iya amfani da su don samar da ingantattun alamu.
Yayin da zanen gadon ya zo ta cikin rollers, ana gyara su kuma an tsaga su da madauwari ko wukake kamar reza da aka sanya a injin nadi.Yankewa yana nufin gefuna na tsare, kamar yadda tsagawa ya haɗa da yanke foil zuwa zanen gado da yawa.Ana amfani da waɗannan matakan don samar da siriri mai nisa, don datsa gefuna na kayan da aka lulluɓe ko kuma don samar da yanki mai murabba'i.Don tabbatar da ƙirƙira da canza ayyuka, gidajen yanar gizo waɗanda suka karye ta hanyar birgima dole ne a haɗa su tare, ko a raba su.Nau'o'in splices na yau da kullun don zama memba na gidan yanar gizo na tsari mai sauƙi da/ko foil ɗin tallafi sun ƙunshi ultrasonic, tef ɗin hatimin zafi, tef ɗin hatimi, da waldar lantarki.Splice na ultrasonic yana yin amfani da barga-jihar walda-wanda aka yi tare da transducer na ultrasonic-a cikin abin da ya mamaye.
Ƙarshen hanyoyin
Don fakiti da yawa, ana amfani da foil a cikin IV / haɗe tare da abubuwa daban-daban.Ana iya rufe shi da abubuwa iri-iri iri-iri, waɗanda suka haɗa da polymers da resins, don ayyukan ado, kariya, ko ɗumi-rufe ayyuka.Ana iya sanya shi a kan takarda, allunan takarda, da fina-finai na filastik.Hakanan za'a iya yanke shi, a kafa shi zuwa kowane nau'i, a buga shi, a ɗaure shi, a tsaga shi cikin tsiri, da zane-zane, da ƙyalƙyali, da anodized.Da zarar foil ɗin ya kasance a cikin ƙasarsa ta ƙarshe, ana tattara shi yadda ya kamata kuma a tura shi ga abokin ciniki.
Kula da inganci
Baya ga sarrafa cikin-hanyar irin waɗannan sigogi kamar zafin jiki da lokaci, samfurin foil ɗin da aka kammala dole ne ya dace da buƙatu masu kyau.Misali, daya daga cikin hanyoyin canza hanyoyin da barin amfani da su an gano suna buƙatar bushewa iri-iri akan benen foil don kyakkyawan aiki.Ana amfani da duban ruwa don yanke bushewar.A cikin wannan gwajin, mafita na musamman na barasa na ethyl a cikin ruwa mai narkewa, a cikin haɓakar kashi goma tare da taimakon yawa, ana zuba su a cikin tsari iri ɗaya zuwa saman bangon bango.Idan babu digo-digo, da wettability ne 0. Da dabara da aka dorewa har sai an tantance abin da kadan kashi na barasa bayani zai cikakken jika da tsare bene.
Sauran mahimman kaddarorin sune kauri da ƙarfi.An haɓaka daidaitattun hanyoyin bincike tare da taimakon Ƙungiyar Gwaji da Kayayyakin Amurka (ASTM).Ana ƙayyade kauri ta hanyar auna samfurin da auna wurinsa, bayan haka ana rarraba nauyin ta wurin abubuwan da aka yi na wurin daɗaɗɗen gami.Ana buƙatar bincikar tashin hankali daga foil ɗin a hankali saboda duban sakamakon na iya zama wahala daga gefuna masu tauri da kasancewar ƙananan lahani, da sauran masu canji.Ana sanya tsarin a cikin riko kuma ana amfani da matsi ko matsa lamba har sai an sami karyewar tsarin.Ana auna matsi ko wutar lantarki da ake buƙata don karya tsarin.
Lokacin aikawa: Maris-08-2022